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Thursday, August 27, 2020
Hr on Organizational Essay
Talk about the effect of HR on authoritative adequacy (if conceivable, incorporate models from where your work. ) The HR branch of an association if critical to the adequacy of the association because of the way that it is the ââ¬Å"coreâ⬠of the association. It enables an organization to work easily and successfully by giving help, affirmation, and certainty. The HR office at my work not just monitors our finance, time clock, and so on. They additionally stay up with the latest with the laws and guidelines of the organization and lawful parts of things. How do the HR arrangements for a MNC(multinational partnership) contrast from those of an organization working solely in one nation. Give models. A global enterprise (MNC) is a firm that is situated in one nation and produces merchandise or offers types of assistance in at least one remote nations. HR approaches for a MNC vary from those of an organization working in Just one nation for various reasons. The MNC must consider language, culture, morals, signals, laws, guidelines, customs, economy, and legislative issues of the nation of origin as well as the host nation also. For instance, Coke sells their item everywhere throughout the world. They should change their advertising to oblige the Chinese. The language must be changed, and even the formula must be adjusted. The HR approaches must keep the various principles, guidelines, and societies of the various nations they are working together in. Question 1: Discuss the effect of HR on authoritative viability (if conceivable, incorporate models from where you work). HR has is significant impact on an organizationââ¬â¢s adequacy. An employeeââ¬â¢s culture, in the event that it is enthusiastic and savvy, an improve a companyââ¬â¢s achievement since it gives the highest caliber of thoughts to support the organization. HRââ¬â¢S fundamental center is to utilize people to accomplish hierarchical destinations. Compelling HR requires incredible administration and all chiefs complete things through the endeavors of others. People inside an association are in fact a significant piece of the way of life of the organization. Question 2: How do the HR approaches for a MNC (Multinational Corporation) contrast from those of an organization working only in one nation? Give models. HR arrangements for MNC (Multinational Corporation) are iffering from those of an organization working only in one nation since they need to ensure their item with the best of their capacity. Some companyââ¬â¢s items could differ from nation to nation. Keeping their character ought to be significant for an organization. They likewise may need to advance contrastingly alongside changing names to fit the providers. Organizations working in one nation typically donââ¬â¢t need to risk anything for the individuals to get it. The association doesnââ¬â¢t need to stress over their personality being change on the grounds that the vast majority of the individuals that are purchasing the item are from a similar starting point.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Business Practice (United Kingdom)
Question: Portray about the Key issues in keeping exact classified patient records (UK Law)? Answer: Key issues in keeping precise classified patient records (UK Law) In current world situation where there is control and burglary of information, data is should have been kept secured (Ward, 2014). Information gets misused when there are an enormous number of visits of individuals in a single spot and medicinal services industry is one such spot where the populace quality is rarely less (Charlesworth, 2006). In this manner here there is a high possibility of misusing of information (Castledine, 2006). A patients data is crucial and delicate that should be ensured. Exposure of which may prompt serious outcomes. A patients records contain a lot of data like name, age, address, relatives, telephone numbers, and so forth. In the event that some other gathering is attempting to hurt the patient or patients family, the individual in question may play with the data. Additionally it remembers the information for clinical test, the illness the patient is having, activity dates, the activity results, and so forth. These informations ought to be kept securely by the clinical specialists or the establishment with the goal that no dangerous doings happen which places the patient and its family at serious risk, additionally putting the notoriety status of the clinical association in question. The patients record keeping ought to be exceptionally precise. It ought to be accurate, straightforward and ought to obviously recognize all subtleties, decisions, discoveries and recommendations (Cave, 20 09). Once in a while the clinical specialists wind up in difficulty where they need to give data to the individuals like social laborers, back up plans, family members, and so on (Dimond, 2004). Some of the time patients data is gotten to for installment issues, arrangements, review, look into, and so forth. Data Governance in UK has been delivered to ensure the privacy and revelation of the patients in UK (Selvam, 2015). The law in UK which secures the data about the patients can be written down as follows: Data of patient ought to be uncovered with the assent of the patient. Distinguishing proof of individuals who get to data of the patient with no position. Patients ought to reserve the option to get to their clinical records. Patients records ought to likewise be permitted to made and transmitted by electronic media. No information of the patient will be given for look into with the endorsement of the patient. Information from outside power, for example, x-beam, pathology ought to be checked and kept a record. Accounts of the patient for their consideration. Assent of the patient in UK is exceptionally fundamental as the patient must be the person who will give the authorization before they are joined in and treated by the clinical specialists (Hey, 2009). It ought to be given to the quick medicinal services authority that will treat that specific patient (Russ, 2010). This is a piece of the clinical morals. It tends to be done in two different ways: Composed: Taking an endorsement from the patient by marking an agreement. Verbal: Saying them that they are happy to have a MRI or x-beam. There are numerous crisis benefits in UK which are promptly accessible for the individuals with extreme injury and disease and those are free assistance right now of care. Crisis vehicles and ambulances are consistently accessible paying little mind to the status of the patient whether he is an inhabitant of the nation or not. NHS 111, a help that is acquainted in England with make it more straightforward to get to the neighborhood administration of social insurance. It is accessible constantly, 24 hours and 365 days. Individuals can require this administration at whatever point there is a crisis circumstance. It is a help of prepared specialists, counselors, medical caretakers who are experienced (Wachter, 2008). They pose inquiries to decipher the manifestations of the patients and offer guidance or probably help the patient to the close by social insurance administration (Tortora and Derrickson, 2011). References Castledine, G. (2006). The significance of keeping persistent records secure and secret. Br J Nursing, 15(8), pp.466-466. Cavern, E. (2009). Juvenile Consent and Confi dentiality in the UK. European Journal of Health Law, 16(4), pp.309-331. Charlesworth, A. (2006). The eventual fate of UK information security guideline. Data Security Technical Report, 11(1), pp.46-54. Dimond, B. (2004). Social insurance experts and killing: current law in the UK. Br J Nursing, 13(15), pp.922-924. Hello, E. (2009). Keeping classified data secret. The Lancet, 373(9664), p.630. Russ, K. (2010). Hazard Assessment in the UK Health and Safety System: Theory and Practice. Wellbeing and Health at Work, 1(1), pp.11-18. Selvam, A. (2015). Medical aid? Kindly First Aid?ãââ . Chronicles of Emergency Medicine, 65(3), pp.337-338. Tortora, G. what's more, Derrickson, B. (2011). Standards of life structures physiology. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Wachter, R. (2008). Understanding patient wellbeing. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. Ward, L. (2014). Record-keeping and documentation. Nursing Standard, 29(15), pp.61-61.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Free Essays on Interviewing A Manager
A managerââ¬â¢s work is to play out all capacities important to dominate the competition. They should have the right stuff to perform proficiently. There are numerous individual abilities one must have however we can stall down into three more extensive classifications: specialized aptitudes, relational and relational abilities, and theoretical and choice abilities. At the point when an administrator has these aptitudes, at that point the organization is fruitful. A chief must have the option to play out a specific errand including a specific strategy or procedure. At whatever point something turns out badly in that procedure, they should have the option to distinguish and resolve issues to assist the association and its individuals. In particular, chiefs must have great relationship building abilities. They need to lead, rouse, and discuss viably with others. The reason for the exploration is to assess a center level supervisor and relate it to this present reality applications. On April 8, 2005 I met my director Kelly at American Eagle Outfitters. She is by and by working in a center level administration position and spotlights on retail. I began the meeting by posing her inquiries about viable overseeing. Toward the end I inquired as to whether she would take the review and she concurred. The Management Aptitude Questionnaire concentrated on three particular abilities of the executives: calculated aptitudes, human abilities and specialized abilities. A theoretical expertise is an aptitude relating to the capacity to distinguish and resolve issues to serve the organization and its representatives. It requires the managerââ¬â¢s thinking, data preparing, and arranging capacities. A human expertise is a people aptitude; the capacity to lead, propel, and discuss successfully with others. The chief must have the option to work with and through others. They should have the option to work viably as a gathering part. A specialized aptitude is the capacity to play out a specific undertaking including a specific technique or procedure. A director must be capable in the exhibition of explicit undertakings inc... Free Essays on Interviewing A Manager Free Essays on Interviewing A Manager A managerââ¬â¢s work is to play out all capacities important to end up as the winner. They should have the right stuff to perform proficiently. There are numerous individual aptitudes one must have yet we can stall down into three more extensive classes: specialized abilities, relational and relational abilities, and applied and choice abilities. At the point when a supervisor has these aptitudes, at that point the organization is fruitful. An administrator must have the option to play out a specific undertaking including a specific strategy or procedure. At whatever point something turns out badly in that procedure, they should have the option to distinguish and resolve issues to serve the association and its individuals. Above all, chiefs must have great relationship building abilities. They need to lead, rouse, and discuss viably with others. The reason for the exploration is to assess a center level supervisor and relate it to this present reality applications. On April 8, 2005 I met my supervisor Kelly at American Eagle Outfitters. She is directly working in a center level administration position and spotlights on retail. I began the meeting by posing her inquiries about viable overseeing. Toward the end I inquired as to whether she would take the overview and she concurred. The Management Aptitude Questionnaire concentrated on three particular abilities of the board: theoretical aptitudes, human aptitudes and specialized aptitudes. A reasonable aptitude is an expertise relating to the capacity to recognize and resolve issues to help the organization and its workers. It requires the managerââ¬â¢s thinking, data preparing, and arranging capacities. A human aptitude is a people expertise; the capacity to lead, propel, and discuss viably with others. The director must have the option to work with and through others. They should have the option to work successfully as a gathering part. A specialized expertise is the capacity to play out a specific errand including a specific strategy or procedure. A supervisor must be capable in the exhibition of explicit assignments inc...
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
Effective Non Verbal Communication At The Workplace
EFFECTIVE NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN VERBAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN THE WORKPLACE ASSIGNMENT BY: MUHAMMAD ATIF STUDENT ID: 140326 ââ¬Å"Communication is the all of the procedures by which one mind can affect anotherâ⬠It can be characterized as the key that joins different variables of an association. It decides the achievement or disappointment of an association. Communication can be intra-individual, interpersonal, additional individual or it can be authoritative gathering. Communication inside an association can be inner or outside through verbal or non-verbal and can make impact on the beneficiary if the message is appropriately transmitted to the recipient through any mode and coveted yield is acquired. On the off chance that a supervisor can get work from the representatives through non-verbal Communication than he is getting the greatest yield from the workforce calm. So it is understood that at the workplace effective non-verbal communication is more important than verbal communication skills to get the work done in a proper manner and to achieve the desired results. (Mortensen, C. David, 2008), Communication theory. The request here is that whether Non-verbal Communication is more foremost than verbal Communication inclination at the workplace. In our livelihood as a thought master, we will be talking with a grouping of people reliably. Communication will happen eye toShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Non-Verbal Communication929 Words à |à 4 PagesIntroduction Non-verbal communication has been a major factor contributing towards our day to day lives. In terms of design and workplace as well as cultural variations non-verbal communication plays an important role in these places. It includes the usage of the humanââ¬â¢s subconscious mind to construct a series of facial expressions, hand gestures as well as the usage of the humanââ¬â¢s vocal tones which indeed causes a form of effective communication if used in the right manner. For example, when parentsRead MoreThe Importance Of Active Listening, Positive Verbal Communication And Understanding Level Of Communication1588 Words à |à 7 PagesPositive Verbal Communication and Understanding Level of Communication with Different Clients. Communication is an essential skill that involves the ability to exchange our attitude, thoughts and feelings through written, verbal and non-verbal interaction with each other (Crisp, Potter, Perry, 2013). In a wide range of workplaces, these interactions are primarily used to develop professional relationships with clients. To discuss the importance of effective communication in workplaces, I had theRead MoreEffective Communication Is Vital for Sucees in Professional, Corporate, and Academic Environments579 Words à |à 3 PagesEffective communication skills are vital to success in professional, corporate, and academic environments. We are evaluated daily on our ability to communicate efficiently in interactions that take place at work, as well as in our personal lives. According to Faye and Jerry Wisner, communication is the process by which we verbally or nonverbally convey a message to another person or a group of people in a way that can be received and understood. The two ty pes of communication found to be most effectiveRead MoreCommunication : Verbal And Non Verbal Communication1216 Words à |à 5 PagesCommunication is a complex activity which involve verbal and non-verbal communication, the topic under discussion, the prejudgments that people bring to the topic, and the ââ¬Å"communication historyâ⬠between participants in the discussion. A Speaker who transmits message must ensure that the message is delivered clearly. A listener who takes the messages must be an active listener. As effective communication can only take place when the recipient of the message understands itââ¬â¢s meaning and able to expressRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And The Workplace946 Words à |à 4 PagesInterpersonal communication in the workplace is developed positively or negatively on the individual relationships we have combined with our human behaviors and human actions within each of those relationships. There are many things that can affect interpers onal communications within the workplace, from generational that create technological gaps, to diversity and tolerance it creates, and finally the type of workplace, is it a team environment encouraging inclusiveness within the organization orRead MoreEffective Communication Skills Are Essential For Success1222 Words à |à 5 PagesIntroduction Effective Communication skills are essential for success in every organization. Individuals today in the workplace need to effectively communicate with employees, customers and potential clients. Effective and clear communication if not delivered in the right manner could be interpreted by the receiver and have a negative impact. There are many barriers that can effect a conversation such as cultural differences, gender and environment. Employees can learn how to adapt in differentRead MoreMotivation, Stress, and Communication1713 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿Motivation, Stress and Communication: As part of analyzing motivation, stress, and communication in the workplace, I have selected the position of human service manager in United Way of Central Indiana. The company is located in Indianapolis and focuses on helping to sustain significant services for people in need of help and preventing the occurrence of such needs for future generations. United Way of Central Indiana has two major priorities that are centered on providing important human servicesRead MoreEffective Workplace Communication1336 Words à |à 6 PagesListening and Effective Workplace Communication James Humes, a former presidential speech writer, stated that, the art of communication is the language of leadership (Leading Thoughts, 2010). Communication is an essential process that is common in the workplace.à Everyone in the workplace especially leaders must communicate with others.à Ideas, conversations, disagreements, and commitments can all be exchanged through communication.à Anyone can communicate but it takes discipline and skillsRead MoreThe Significant Principles of Management Communications2466 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿ Research Paper: The Significant Principles of Management Communications Mia A. Rapier BUS 600: Management Communication with Technology Tools Instructor Cheryl Moore July 27, 2014 Itââ¬â¢s been understood that ââ¬Å"communication in business involves a complex set of unwritten rules governing speech, written correspondence and body language that varies in different parts of the worldâ⬠(Ingram, 2014). Communication is the essential component of business, ââ¬Å"from the entry-level manager to theRead MoreDear Sacramento Chinese Community Service Center,. I Have1409 Words à |à 6 PagesDear Sacramento Chinese Community Service Center, I have been recently taking an interpersonal communication course and have discovered a great deal of information that I believe can be extremely beneficial to our agencyââ¬â¢s communication effectiveness. I invite you all to think back to one of our previous meetings, do you recall any of the following? A lack of eye contact, a lack of enthusiasm, and frustrated looks on faces? How about an overall sense of discontent so much so that people are disengaged
Friday, May 15, 2020
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Police Brutality Use Of Excessive And Unnecessary Force...
Police brutality is the use of excessive and unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. Police brutality can be present in many ways. The most common form of police brutality is a physical form. Police officers can use nerve gas, batons, pepper spray, and guns in order to physically intimidate or even intentionally hurt civilians. Police brutality can also take the form of false arrests, verbal abuse, psychological intimidation, sexual abuse, police corruption, racial profiling, political repression and the improper use of Tasers. Black people are mostly affected by white cops. Cops are given a lot of scope in performing their obligations. Since they are relied upon to ensure general society and stand up to possibly rough people, they can lawfully utilize physical, and even fatal, power in specific situations. Be that as it may, an officer who uses power when it is not called for, or who utilizes more constraints than is important to perform his or her occupation, m ay go too far into police ruthlessness. Police brutality should be controlled and stopped because its getting out of hand and is killing our African American youth. The term is not a lawful term and the definition is in this manner somewhat delicate; it might be best portrayed by method for instance. A recent case of police brutality occurred on August 9, 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri. Flatow said: This case sparked many other cases similar to Mike Brownââ¬â¢s situation. He was shot and killedShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality : Use Of Excessive And Unnecessary Force By Police1536 Words à |à 7 Pages Police brutality is the use of excessive and unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. Police brutality can be present in many ways. The most common form of police brutality is a physical form. Police officers can use nerve gas, batons, pepper spray, and guns in order to physically intimidate or even intentionally hurt civilians. Police brutality can also take the form of false arrests, verbal abuse, psychological intimidation, sexual abuse, police corruption, racial profilingRead MorePolice Brutality And Crime Brutality833 Words à |à 4 PagesPolice Brutality Police brutality is defined as the use of excessive or unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians (What Is Police Brutality?). Recently, there have been a surplus of incidents involving police brutality. Cases like Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Tamir Rice are examples of police brutality. All three of these victims ended up dead at the hands of police. Statistics show that, just this year alone, 1,013 Americans have been killed by cops (Cop Crisis). Social mediaRead MorePolice Brutality And Police Cruelty1118 Words à |à 5 PagesPolice brutality has occurred all across the world and is still a major amongst society and police organization. This brutality arranges from assaults, death as a result, of use of force, harassment, Etc. It takes two forms which is physical brutality which includes assaults, and non-physical brutality which includes use of verbal language. Police officers have been granted the privilege of using ââ¬Å"non-negotiable forceâ⬠(Bittner 19 70) to control citizensââ¬â¢ behavior and ensure public order. Police useRead MoreRacism And White Privilege Enforcement Essay1292 Words à |à 6 PagesPolice officers, who were once referred to as peace keepers, are now more law enforcement officers. Police agencies around the United States seem to be stuck more on quotas and creating revenue for their county or city. Making many officers strive for many unnecessary arrests. Which as a following result has brought up a lot of tension between the police and their citizens. With increasing violence in cities and states; police officers methods have slowly become more aggressive, bringing a rise inRead MoreFree Argumentative Essays : Police Brutality738 Words à |à 3 Pages J Free Argumentative Essays: Police Brutality 777 Words 4 Pages Police Brutality Police work is dangerous. Sometimes police put in situations that excessive force is needed. But, because some officers use these extreme measures in situations when it is not, police brutality should be addressed. The use of excessive force may or may not be large problem, but it should be looked into by both the police and the public. For those people who feel racismRead MorePolice Brutality Essay747 Words à |à 3 PagesPolice Brutality James Regas December 15, 1996 Outline Thesis: But, because some officers use these extreme measures when it is not needed, police brutality should be addressed. I. Police Brutality A. Racism as a cause II. Police Brutality is not a problem A. Quotes from authorities B. Statistics of Declining Brutality III. Stopping Police Brutality A. Police Stopping themselves Read MoreFreedom Of Speech : The Boston Tea Party Essay1375 Words à |à 6 PagesAmerica was a rebel. America rebelled against British forces and made America their own. Freedom of speech was important and America was based on protests. The most famous protest was the Boston Tea Party. However, shortly after gaining independence from England, America started to use their own troops to stop rebellions. In 1792, which was only 5 years after the Bill of Rights was ratified, congress passed the Calling Forth Act. This law gave ââ¬Å"the president the authority to unilaterallyRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police1585 Words à |à 7 PagesPolice brutality and office involved shootings have sparked national debate and created a strain between police officers and citizens. Recently, there have been more home videos that display acts of aggression by police officers. These police officers often use excessive forces or a condescending tone towards people of color which is why there needs to be a better way to mend police and civilian relationship. People should be able to trust the police in their communities rather than fear them. PoliceRead MorePolice bruality essay for college class i guess1365 Words à |à 6 PagesPolice Brutality Police brutality occurs daily across America. Police brutality can come in various forms, counting lethal and nonlethal force. Comprehending the exact commonness of police brutality is complex, because of the inconsistency in describing police brutality. The trouble in differentiating among justified and unjustified force. Police interactions often can be misconstrued, or sometimes turned around against an officer. Questionable behavior and complaints against officers can be filedRead MorePolice Brutality Based On Racial Profiling1682 Words à |à 7 Pagesothers; violence and brutality against innocent citizens is the key to getting the job done. For years, minorities have fallen victim to police brutality based on racial profiling, stereotypes and other unjustifiable reasons that has cost several innocent lives. The involvement of officers in police brutality against minority social groups causes tainted and negative views on policing and their overall duty to protect, when they are ultimately the aggressors in this case. Police brutality is a violent incident
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Critical Evaluation of Evidence for Health- myassignmenthelp.com
Question: Discuss about theCritical Evaluation of Evidence for Health Professionals. Answer: Introduction Health professionals should be well-informed with current knowledge to allow them to deliver effective care and remain professionally pertinent. Also, it is vital for care providers to investigate the quality of new evidence before application in practice. Nursing research allows nurses to embrace best practice and evidence-based practice (EBP). The primary role of EBP is to deliver the most effective care that is available, with the aim of promoting patient outcome. This role is buttressed by the fact that clients expect to receive the best care based on the present evidence. EBP promotes a culture of inquiry in healthcare professional. It also promotes patient safety, improves clinical outcomes and minimises variation in patient outcomes (Boswell Cannon, 2015). Nurses thus require critical appraisal skills as well as tools to advance their practice. Critical evaluation skills help users to determine which evidence is authoritative for use in practice. This assignment will evaluate the evidence presented in two articles on the use of stimulants to improve academic performance. Part B will discuss the barriers to the application of evidence in practice and how closely the articles adhere to the PICO elements. Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students a qualitative approach. BMC Medical Ethics, 15(1), 23-23. doi:10.1186/1472-6939-15-23 Authorship The authors are better placed to explore this topic due to their qualification and experience of working in the university. Hildt is an expert in philosophy and heads neuroethics research groups. Besides, her focus and interest is neurophilosophy, neuroethics and human genetics (Illes Sahakian, 2013). Her knowledge in this area allows a better understanding of the human brain, principles of thoughts and conscience (Rabadan, 2015). Hildt is affiliated to the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz. Lieb and Franke are experts in psychiatry and psychotherapy. Based on their expertise, these authors understand mental illnesses and prescriptions. Both authors are affiliated to University Medical Centre where they work in the department of psychiatry and psychotherapy. The three authors declared that they have no competing interest in relation to the topic of study. Research aims The study aimed to investigate the students experience and the effects of the use of prescription and illicit stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines. Their research questions were: Why are stimulants used in academic contexts either by students and other persons? What are the impacts? Does the usage of stimulants in academic contexts offer benefits? How are students life affected? What are the side-effects encountered? (Hildt, Lieb, Franke, 2014).The authors noted that there was lack of evidence-based data about the circumstantial factors as well as the real world impacts of academic performance enhancement through the use of stimulant drugs. This argument was used to justify the need for study. Design The study used a sampling methodology, whereby 18 university students were involved. Only the participants who reported non-medical intake of illicit and prescription stimulants to improve academic performance were included in the study. A face-to-face interview was then conducted with a focus on the research questions. In a population, random sampling ensures that a subset (n) of the target population (N) is recruited. This method was appropriate for this study because the findings can be generalized (Bornstein, Jager Putnick, 2013). Also, the researchers can tailor the questions based on sociodemographic factors. Findings The findings answered the aim and research questions comprehensively. Based on the conclusion, students consider stimulants as beneficial for enhancing academic performance and leading an active life. Students indicated that they use stimulants to maximise time, enhance motivation and help in memorizing (Hildt, Lieb, Franke, 2014). On the effects of stimulants, the conclusion notes that there is inconsistency in the use of stimulants and academic performance. Strengths and weaknesses The primary strength of the study is the use of randomised sampling, which allows for the generalisation of results (Greenhalgh, Bidewell, Crisp, Lambros, Warland, 2017). Also, the right population was selected for this study. The major weakness of the research is coercion and undue influence over the student participating in the study. Students can offer informed consent in research; however, in a student-tutor relationship, it might be challenging to determine whether consent was sought. Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 250-257. doi:https://ift.tt/2fDSHfZ Authorship The authors have expertise in diverse fields and can articulate the issue of the use of stimulants effectively. They integrated interdisciplinary knowledge to examine the topic. Both Munro and Weyandt are engaged in interdisciplinary neuroscience program and are affiliated with the University of Rhode Island. Marraccini, on the other hand, has expertise in medicine and is affiliated with several institutions including the University of Rhode Island. Oster specialises in psychology enabling them to understand the human brain and its functions. Oster is also affiliated with the University of Rhode Island. All the authors indicated that they did not have interests to disclose in relation to the study (Munro, Weyandt, Marraccini, Oster, 2017). Research aims The aim of their study was to analyse the relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) and executive functioning (EF) among college students. The authors hypothesised that students who have EF problems are likely to use NMUPS to enhance academic performance. Additionally, they hypothesised that NMUPS would facilitate the association between academic performance and EF (Munro, Weyandt, Marraccini, Oster, 2017). The authors justified the study by arguing that previous studies had not focused on the link between EF and NMUPS among college students. Design In this research, a convenience sample was selected from the eligible participants. Specifically, participants were recruited through email and Facebook web pages. A secure and encrypted site was used to allow the students deliver their feedback. The student demographic information was collected through questionnaires. A stimulant survey questionnaire (SSQ) was then used to quantify the extent of NMUPS (Munro, Weyandt, Marraccini, Oster, 2017). The SSQ was appropriate for the study because it consists of a self-reported part, which allows students to answer yes or no. In addition, BDEFS for adults was also used to evaluate the misuse of stimulants among the selected population. The BDEFS was effective because it is inexpensive and offers useful information on a facet of EF in everyday activities (Barkley, 2011). Findings The findings of this study supported only one hypothesis. Based on the results, students who had EF problems had higher chances of NMUPS than those without EF problems. Nevertheless, the findings failed to support the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between NMUPS and academic performance (Munro, Weyandt, Marraccini, Oster, 2017). Strengths and weaknesses The strength of this article is the focus on the relationship between EF and NMUPS only. This focus led to a comprehensive study that answers the hypothesis succinctly. The main weakness of the study was the use of a convenience sample, which limits the generalisation of the results. The barriers for the application of evidence in practice Several factors act as barriers to the implementation of research findings. The lack of enough time for searching and reading articles is a key barrier (Al-Kubaisi, Al-Dahnaim Salama, 2010). In one study, it was found that only 4.8 percent of nurses had read scientific articles weekly. This study also found that about 17.5 percent of all the nurses did not read scientific articles entirely (Oh, 2008). Based on the fact that clinical science databases are updated constantly, and illnesses, drugs and treatment techniques are constantly changing, failure to read scientific works is a serious thing. Another barrier is the lack of adequate time to execute new ideas. Nurses require enough time for research and implementation of clinical findings (Bahadori, Raadabadi, Ravangard, Mahaki, 2016). However, most nurses feel that their workload does not leave adequate time as well as energy to execute new ideas. This belief causes most nurses not to apply the evidence of research in practice. T ime management is thus an important barrier since implementing research evidence is time-consuming (Tacia, Biskupski, Pheley Lehto, 2015). The lack of enough facilities and equipment to apply new evidence is a barrier. Some healthcare institutions fail to provide the needed facilities to facilitate the application of findings. This factor leaves nurses with no proper setting to use the evidence drawn from their research. The lack of interest in research causes nurses fail to embrace empirical evidence in practice. Some nurses have a negative attitude towards research and thus do not appreciate new evidence. Additionally, nurses might lack the authority to change the techniques and patterns of care. These barriers are mainly individual factors although institutional factors play a fundamental role in the application of evidence in practice (Shifaza, Evans Bradley, 2014). How closely the research studies provided align with the PICO question/elements PICO is an acronym for population, intervention, comparison and outcome, a tool that is often used for inquiry search in health (Richardson-Tench, Taylor, Kermode, Roberts, 2016). In the PICO question, the population (P) is university performance, intervention (I) is stimulants and outcome (O) is academic performance. To determine how closely the research articles align with the PICO elements, there is a need to analyse their methods and methodology. The closeness of the article to the PICO is determined by the participants included in the study and interventions used. In the first article, Hildt and colleagues seem to deviate a bit from the PICO elements. The selected population in the study was right since only university students were included. Also, the intervention was right based on the PICO question because the authors focused on the use of stimulants only. However, the authors did not measure academic performance as the sole outcome. Instead, they focused on other outcomes such as general effects. The second article by Munro and colleagues was closely related to the PICO elements. The researchers did not seem to deviate from the PICO elements in the recruitment of participants and measuring of outcomes. In this research, Munro and colleagues recruited university students, focused on the use of stimulants and measured academic achievement as the only outcome. Conclusion As discussed in this assignment, the authors of the two articles strived to investigate the use of stimulants to improve academic performance. The articles seem to agree that university students use stimulants often. However, there is no evidence that stimulants improve academic performance. The two studies note that stimulants might improve awareness, memorisation and motivation, but may not improve direct academic performance. Wasim can use this evidence to determine if stimulants are related to high academic performance for university students. The student would realise that the use of smart drugs does not improve objective performance. The evidence provided by the two articles is authoritative since the authors know how the human brain functions. They are also affiliated with reputable universities and used primary data from university students who have been using stimulants. The other area of focus for this assignment was the barriers to the implementation of evidence in practic e. Most of the barriers arise from personal factors and can be addressed. Nurses require more knowledge on how to use scientific databases and time management skills for application of evidence in practice. References Al-Kubaisi, N.J., Al-Dahnaim, L. A. Salama, R. E. (2010). Knowledge, attitudes and practice of primary health care physicians towards evidence-based medicine in Doha, Qatar. East Mediterr Health J.16(11), 1189-1197. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21218744 Bahadori, M., Raadabadi, M., Ravangard, R., Mahaki, B. (2016). The barriers to the application of the research findings from the nurses perspective: A case study in a teaching hospital. Journal of education and health promotion, 5(1) 14. doi: 10.4103/2277-9531.184553 Barkley, R, A. (2011). The Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Bornstein, M. 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